Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Closed-Loop Spinal Cord Stimulation to Treat Chronic Back and Leg Pain (Evoke): A Double-Blind, Randomised, Controlled Trial.

Summary: Background: Spinal cord stimulation has been an established treatment for chronic back and leg pain for more than 50 years; however, outcomes are variable and unpredictable, and objective evidence of the mechanism of action is needed. A novel spinal cord stimulation system provides the first in vivo, real-time, continuous objective measure of spinal cord activation in response to therapy via recorded evoked compound action potentials (ECAPs) in patients during daily use. 

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